Question Answering in Climate Adaptation for Agriculture: Model Development and Evaluation with Expert Feedback

The generative capabilities of the large language models (LLMs) are deployed for domainspecific question answering systems.However, their ability to answer climate adaptation questions remains unclear.In particular, can they be used by agronomists and climate scientists to answer questions on the best climate adaptation strategies?Answering questions in this domain requires knowledge of climate data and its uncertainties, and the ability to link them to the broader climate literature while accommodating the unique constraints of users and experts.We investigate the generative and evaluative capabilities of several state-of-the-art LLMs, open-source and proprietary, on climate adaptation for agriculture questions posed by domain experts using evaluation criteria designed by the experts.We propose an iterative exploration framework that enables LLMs to dynamically aggregate information from heterogeneous sources, such as text from climate literature and structured tabular climate data from climate model projections and historical observations.Our experiments demonstrate that LLMs can aggregate heterogeneous data to (1) answer questions, but at a trade-off between presentation quality and epistemological accuracy; and, (2) evaluate answers, but are not as competent at identifying high-quality answers and erroneous information compared to domain experts.