Dietary and Lifestyle Patterns Associated with Risk of Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Urban Area of Puducherry: A Case Control Study

Background: Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) is a common and underdiagnosed condition that poses significant cardiovascular and metabolic risks. While obesity is a well-established risk factor, the role of dietary and lifestyle patterns remains less explored in the Indian context, particularly in Puducherry. Objective: To assess the association between dietary and lifestyle patterns with the risk of OSA among adults in an urban field practice area of Puducherry. Methods: A community-based case-control study was conducted from August to October 2023 at Manaveli, Ariyankuppam, Puducherry. 100 cases (high risk for OSA) and 100 controls (low risk) were identified using the STOP-BANG questionnaire. Participants' sociodemographic, anthropometric, lifestyle, and dietary data were collected using Epicollect5. Statistical analysis included Chi-square tests, Pearson correlation, and multiple logistic regression using SPSS v29. Results: Physical inactivity, obesity, male gender, and low fruit intake were significantly associated with high OSA risk. Obesity was present in 76% of cases compared to 19% of controls (p < 0.01). Lack of physical activity (52% vs. 35%), low fruit consumption, and male gender (62% vs. 32%) were also significantly higher among cases. Conclusion: This study highlights key modifiable lifestyle factors—such as obesity, physical inactivity, and poor dietary habits—associated with increased risk of OSA. Community-based awareness, screening, and lifestyle interventions should be prioritized as cost-effective approaches to mitigate OSA risk in resource-constrained settings.