Pharmacogenomics in Personalized Oncology: From Biomarker Discovery to Clinical Implementation

Pharmacogenomics has emerged as a cornerstone of personalized oncology, enabling the optimization of drug selection and dosing based on individual genetic profiles. This review traces the journey from biomarker discovery to clinical implementation, covering technologies such as next-generation sequencing (NGS), liquid biopsy, and single-cell RNA sequencing. Challenges related to data interpretation, integration into clinical practice, and ethical considerations in genomic data handling are critically discussed. Case studies highlighting success stories in targeted therapies, such as EGFR inhibitors and PARP inhibitors, are included.