A Study of Defense Mechanisms Among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Hypertension

Abstract Background: Chronic illnesses like Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) and Hypertension are not only physiological but also psychological in nature, influencing how individuals cope with ongoing stress. Psychological defense mechanisms serve as unconscious strategies that mediate emotional responses, and their organization reflects one’s overall adaptive functioning. Aim: The present study aims to explore and compare the use of defense mechanisms—categorized as mature, neurotic, and immature—and overall defensive functioning (ODF) among patients with T2DM, Hypertension, and healthy individuals. Method: A sample of 150 participants aged 18 to 45 years was selected and divided into three equal groups: T2DM patients, Hypertensive patients, and Healthy Individuals. The Defense Mechanism Rating Scale–Self Report–30 (DMRS-SR-30) was used to assess defense mechanisms and ODF. Statistical analyses including ANOVA and Pearson's correlation were performed to examine group differences and associations with illness duration. Results: Significant differences were observed across groups. Healthy individuals reported higher usage of mature defenses and higher ODF scores. Patients with T2DM and Hypertension showed significantly greater use of immature and neurotic defenses and lower ODF. Duration of illness was negatively correlated with mature defenses and ODF, and positively correlated with immature defenses. Conclusion: The findings highlight compromised psychological adaptability in individuals with chronic illnesses, underlining the need for integrated mental health care. Assessing and addressing defense patterns can enhance treatment outcomes and overall well-being.