Review of the Targeted Therapy for Advanced/Aggressive Olfactory Neuroblastoma as Adjuncts to Standard Therapy

Olfactory Neuroblastoma (ONB) is a rare and aggressive malignancy arising from the olfactory epithelium, often diagnosed at an advanced stage with high recurrence rates. Standard treatment primarily involves surgical resection, followed by radiation therapy, with chemotherapy reserved for metastatic or recurrent cases. However, the heterogeneity of ONB and its potential for resistance to conventional therapies necessitate the exploration of targeted therapeutic strategies. The stated standard treatments for ONB often fall short in managing advanced or aggressive forms of the disease. This has led to a growing interest in targeted therapy, a promising new frontier in ONB treatment that focuses on specific molecular targets associated with cancer cells. Targeted therapies, such as Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors (TKIs), Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors, and Monoclonal Antibodies, offer a more personalized approach by improving the unique genetic and molecular profiles of ONB tumors. Also, Targeted therapies, such as TKIs, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and PI3K/mTOR inhibitors have demonstrated potential in preclinical and early clinical studies, offering new avenues for treatment. Therefore, knowing the objective, this review explores the current landscape of targeted therapies in ONB, highlighting their mechanisms of action, efficacy in combination with standard therapy, and future clinical prospects. Along with the significance of targeted therapy, the review explores the challenges of targeted therapy for advanced/aggressive olfactory neuroblastoma.