Nutritional Patterns and Dietary Imbalances in the Adult Population of Bihor County, Romania (2015 to 2024): A Decade of Nutritional Surveillance

Introduction Dietary intake patterns have a significant impact on overall health, affecting physical well-being through factors such as weight management, metabolic balance, and disease prevention. Additionally, diet affects psychological well-being by influencing mood, cognitive function, and emotional stability. The study evaluates the dietary habits of the adult population in Bihor County over a 10-year period, structured into three major intervals: the pre-pandemic years (2015-2019), the COVID-19 pandemic period (March 2020-March 2022), and the post-pandemic years (2023-2024). Materials and methods All data were collected over a time period between January 2015 and December 31, 2024, from Bihor County, Romania. Statistical analysis was performed using the Jamovi (Version 2.2.5.0) [computer software]. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Welch's ANOVA, Fisher's test, and Tukey's post-hoc test were used to compare the results. Results Based on 24-hour recall surveys and standardized nutritional analysis, the study reveals persistent imbalances in macronutrient intake and food group distribution. Excess lipid intake, reduced carbohydrate consumption, and insufficient intake of fish, fruits, and vegetables were consistent across all periods, with significant exacerbation during the pandemic. Conclusions The findings underscore the need for regionalized interventions to promote sustainable and balanced dietary practices. The COVID-19 pandemic acted as an aggravating factor, further worsening dietary quality and caloric balance. Although a slight improvement has been observed in the post-pandemic period, the persistence of unhealthy eating habits, especially excessive fat consumption and insufficient intake of nutrient-rich foods, remains a significant concern.