Review: Bioactive compounds and health applications of Digenea simplex (Rhodophyta)

Abstract. Saputra AF, Utomo AN, Pramesthi AZ, Madjid AA, Nugroho GD. Setyawan AD. 2025. Review: Bioactive compounds and health applications of Digenea simplex (Rhodophyta). Cell Biol Dev 8: 90-108. Digenea simplex (Rhodophyta), a red macroalga widely distributed in tropical and subtropical coastal waters, has gained attention due to its unique chemical profile. However, scientific studies on this species remain scattered and limited. This review aims to consolidate current knowledge on the bioactive compounds present in D. simplex, their biological activities, and their potential applications in various industries. Phytochemical investigations have revealed that D. simplex contains a variety of secondary metabolites, including kainic acid, dimethylallyl pyrophosphate, carotenoids (such as astaxanthin), essential amino acids, and tannins. These compounds have demonstrated several pharmacological effects, including antioxidant, antidiabetic, antitumor, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory activities. The presence of kainic acid, for instance, highlights the neuroactive potential of the species, while carotenoids and phenolic compounds contribute significantly to its antioxidant capacity. In addition, the nutritional profile of D. simplex, comprising proteins, dietary fibers, vitamins, and minerals, supports its use as a functional food ingredient. The cosmetic industry also benefits from its bioactive constituents, which exhibit moisturizing, anti-aging, and skin-protective properties. Despite its promising profile, further studies are necessary to standardize extraction methods, evaluate toxicological safety, and elucidate the mechanisms of action of its bioactive compounds. This review provides a comprehensive reference for future research and valorization of D. simplex as a valuable marine resource for health-related applications.