From waste to wealth: Bioactive compounds from Dragon fruit peel and their application

Dragon fruit (Hylocereus spp.) peel, comprising 30-35% of the fruit, is a rich source of bioactive compounds such as betacyanins, phenolics, flavonoids, dietary fiber, and pectin. Once considered waste, it now holds promise for sustainable valorization in food, pharmaceutical, and packaging industries. This review highlights the peel’s chemical composition, antioxidant capacity, and therapeutic properties, with emphasis on species like H. polyrhizus and H. undatus. Green extraction methods, especially ultrasound- and enzyme-assisted techniques, have enhanced bioactive recovery. Applications include natural colorants, dietary fiber supplements, meat fat replacers, bakery enhancers, and cosmetic additives. The peel also serves in active and intelligent biodegradable packaging through pectin, cellulose, and betalain based films. Toxicological studies confirm its safety, reinforcing its potential in circular bio-economy strategies aimed at waste reduction and resource recovery.