Analysis of Methods and Tools of Proactive Defense against Deepfake

The development of artificial intelligence has been one of the main trends in recent years. Although this technology serves for the benefit of humanity, it can also be used for malicious purposes, such as spreading disinformation or blackmail. For the realization of the above-mentioned purposes, technologies are often used to create so-called Deepfake content. The article describes the results of a study of methods and means for active protection against the malicious use of Deepfake. Deepfake is a general name for images, video or audio files, created by means of artificial neural networks and show how a person speaks or performs something that he did not perform in reality. As a result of using artificial intelligence such materials seem to be real for persons who do not know their origin. Without usage of special tools it will be difficult to distinguish the real image from faked one. Technologies of the content generation by means of artificial intelligence, in particular Deepfake, are often used for the creation of the materials, used for disinformation campaigns, blackmail or other malicious purposes. In this connection, there is a need to develop means for protection against malicious use of Deepfake. Passive protection methods based on the ability of machine learning models to distinguish authentic content from generated content depend on the architectures of models for generating Deepfake content, so they quickly become outdated as the latter develop more rapidly. Therefore, there is a need to develop active protection methods based on the use of watermarks to track them or to interfere with the operation of Deepfake generation models. The paper describes and analyzes the existing active methods of protection against Deepfake, as well as analyzes the areas of their target applications, their advantages and disadvantages, technical characteristics, and suggests directions for further research in this area. Special attention is paid to the protection methods based on steganography and watermarking. The advantages of active protection methods over passive ones are considered.