Challenges and Solutions in Implementing Energy-efficient Automation in Smart Buildings

Growing demand for ecologically sound and energy-efficient infrastructure has triggered the use of smart building technologies, specifically energy-efficient automation systems. These have the objectives of maximizing HVAC operations, lighting controls, and energy monitoring using real-time analytics of data and adaptive control schemes. Though promising, large-scale implementation is rendered difficult by high initial investment, heterogeneity of systems’ integration, cybersecurity attacks, and the absence of standardized communication protocols. This study identifies and quantifies these barriers through a comprehensive literature review and stakeholder survey, revealing that high upfront costs (cited in 70% of the literature and by 80.6% of surveyed professionals) and integration issues (55%) are the most prevalent challenges. Data privacy and interoperability concerns were also found to be critical impediments. The research further explores practical solutions such as predictive maintenance using AI (which reduces energy use by 20–30%), interoperability frameworks like BACnet and KNX, and the integration of BMS with IoT networks. The paper integrates recent literature on automation in smart buildings and outlines a modular, interoperable approach to energy-efficient automation. Though the framework is conceptual as of yet, it is developed on the basis of established models and pilot experiences in Europe and Asia.