Biosecurity measures as a preventive factor for foot-and-mouth disease in pasture-based livestock production

Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) is one of the most highly contagious viral diseases affecting domestic and wild cloven-hoofed animals, with serious economic consequences for livestock production and international trade. Although it does not pose a threat to human health, the presence of the virus within a country necessitates immediate and stringent control measures, including the culling of infected animals and suspension of animal movement. Extensive livestock production systems, particularly pasture-based farming, pose a distinct challenge to the prevention and control of the disease, as free movement of animals, potential contact with wildlife, and difficulties in implementing biosecurity measures contribute to the spread of infection. This paper analyzes factors contributing to the persistence and dissemination of the virus under such conditions, including climatic factors, the presence of organic matter, feces, urine, and carcasses of dead animals on pastures. Special emphasis is placed on the role of wild animals as reservoirs and vectors of the virus, as well as the importance of proper management of watering and feeding sites. Recommendations are presented for operational and physical biosecurity measures applicable to pasture environments, including limiting contact with other herds, isolating suspected cases, disinfecting equipment, and controlling access. The importance of written biosecurity protocols and farmer education is emphasized, along with the need for pasture rest periods in cases of confirmed virus presence. The aim of this paper is to provide a comprehensive overview of the biosecurity challenges associated with pasture-based livestock systems and to contribute to the development of more effective strategies for controlling FMD in Serbia.