Nanoemulsion Systems: Advances in preparation Techniques and Biomedical Applications

Nanoemulsions of extremely small liquid droplets, generally measuring between 20 and 200 nanometers, and maintain their uniformity over time without separating. Owing to their distinct structural traits, such as expansive interface exposure and excellent light-transmission capability, they demonstrate remarkable performance. They are used in medication transport systems to improve the effectiveness of drugs that do not dissolve well in water. It consists of three main elements: a lipid-based component, a water-based component, and surface-active agents, which often include co-stabilizers. These include energy-intensive techniques like pressure-based homogenization and sound wave treatment, as well as energy-efficient approaches such as phase transition methods and self-emulsifying processes. The choice of method significantly influences the final droplet size, stability, and scalability of the formulation. Despite their numerous advantages, nanoemulsions also present certain limitations, including potential toxicity of surfactants, thermodynamic instability, and high production costs associated with some preparation techniques. Furthermore, factors such as surfactant concentration, oil type, temperature, pH, and ionic strength influence the structural stability and functional efficiency of nano emulsions in terms of applications. Nanoemulsions are extensively utilized for controlled and sustained release in pharmaceuticals, enhanced penetration in topical formulations, and improved flavor and nutrient delivery in food products. In agriculture, they serve as efficient carriers for pesticides and herbicides, promoting sustainable farming practices.