ENHANCING PATIENT SAFETY IN COLORECTAL SURGERY: A PUBLIC HEALTH CONCERN-RISK FACTOR AND PREVENTIVE STRATEGIES -AN UPDATED REVIEW

Background Colorectal surgery, whether performed openly or   laparoscopically, encompasses a range of procedures to treat various conditions. The risk of complications during and after surgery can differ based on the type of operation and individual patient factors, some of which can be controlled and others that cannot. Complications can arise during the surgery itself or in the postoperative period, often while the patient is still hospitalized. These complications can significantly impact patient outcomes and recovery. Objective: The objective is to identify and summarize the main perioperative complications of colorectal surgery, as well as the modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors  in order to provide strategies for prevention, treatment and reduction of intra- and postoperative complications. Methodology: A comprehensive review of existing research was conducted, searching databases such as MEDLINE, PubMed and the Google scholar, covering studies published between  2015-2024. Results: This review aims to outline strategies for identifying and reducing complications during and after surgery. Recent advancements in treatment approaches and technology have been significant, largely due to the growing adoption of laparoscopic techniques. To ensure optimal patient outcomes, surgeon proficiency  and cost-effectiveness, factors such as surgeon training, hospital volume and learning curves are crucial. Standardizing perioperative care is also vital in minimizing postoperative complications.  Conclusion: This review highlighted key perioperative complications in colorectal surgery, as well as modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors that are essential for both general surgeons and specialists to understand. Recognizing these risk factors and implementing strategies to prevent, manage  or mitigate complications is critical to optimizing patient outcomes.