Effect of Sildenafil Citrate on Some Reproductive and Other Physiologic Parameters of Albino Rats (Rattus norvegicus)

Sildenafil citrate (SC), a widely used oral medication for the treatment of erectile dysfunction, is frequently consumed without medical supervision due to its availability as an over-the-counter drug. This study investigated the effects of SC on selected reproductive and physiological parameters in albino rats (Rattus norvegicus) to assess potential systemic implications of its use. Acute toxicity testing revealed that SC is non-lethal at doses up to 2000 mg/kg body weight, suggesting a high safety margin. However, sub-acute administration resulted in notable physiological alterations. Rats administered SC showed increased serum testosterone levels and enhanced sexual activity, likely due to elevated luteinizing hormone (LH) levels and increased cholesterol utilization for steroidogenesis. These findings suggest SC may upregulate steroidogenic pathways. Despite these reproductive enhancements, there was a significant decline (p<0.05) in sperm count and motility in treated groups, indicating potential adverse effects on spermatogenesis following prolonged exposure. Haematological analysis revealed alterations in red blood cell morphology, haemoglobin distribution, and packed cell volume, while liver function tests indicated elevated AST/ALT ratios. Histopathological examination of liver tissue showed disorganized hepatic sinusoids and hepatocyte degeneration, confirming hepatotoxic effects at higher doses.In conclusion, although sildenafil citrate may enhance certain reproductive functions, chronic or high-dose usage can adversely affect sperm quality, haematological parameters, and liver integrity. These findings underscore the importance of regulated use and further investigations into the long-term safety and systemic impact of SC, particularly among non-prescribed users.