Genotyping and phylogenetic analysis of Echinococcus granulosus isolated from human, sheep, and cattle samples in Iraq

This study confirmed the presence of three genotypes of <i>E. granulosus</i> in Iraq: G1, G2, and G3. G1 was most common in all hosts, particularly in humans. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that each host had closely related strains. G1 poses a serious public health and economic threat due to its high zoonotic potential.