Dispersal of stream salmonids from nests and stocking sites: patterns, variability, and sampling bias

To reconcile divergent views about the direction and distance that salmonids disperse from nests or release sites, we conducted a systematic search and synthesis of existing data that included 154 data points from 58 papers. After correcting for a sampling bias in the downstream direction, 56.6% of fish dispersed downstream, significantly greater than 50%, but much less than expected. The best generalized linear mixed model explaining the percentage of fish moving downstream included a positive effect of the percentage of sampling effort downstream, a negative effect of body size, and differences among species; brown trout ( Salmo trutta) tended to disperse upstream more than other species. Dispersal distance increased with body size; median dispersal distances for age 0+ and older fish were 167 and 908 m, respectively, implying much greater mobility than expected. As predicted, median dispersal distance was greater downstream (715 m) than upstream (602 m). Our analyses indicated that many of our perceptions about salmonid dispersal are based on biased sampling—too much effort that is too close to, and downstream of, the release site.