Exploring Spatial Clustering of Industrial Air Pollutants and Its Implications in Jos City, Plateau State, Nigeria

This study investigates the clustering of industrial air pollutants in Jos Metropolis, focusing on identifying key pollutants, mapping their spatial distribution, and assessing the associated implications. The research employed a mixed-method approach, integrating geospatial analysis, environmental monitoring, and socio-demographic surveys to evaluate air quality and its associated implications. Primary data were collected from 30 strategically selected sampling points across industrial, residential, and commercial zones of the Metropolis. Air quality measurements were conducted using a handheld gas analyzer (Aeroqual Series 500) to monitor concentrations of Total Suspended Particulate (TSP), particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur dioxide (SO₂), and heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Hg). Secondary data, including satellite imagery (Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS) for spatial analysis, demographic statistics, and Geographic Information Systems (GIS), were used to map industrial clusters and pollution hotspots, while the Nearest Neighbor Analysis (NNA) quantified spatial distribution patterns. Findings reveal that air pollution in Jos Metropolis is concentrated in industrial and mining zones, with TSP values ranging from 231–600 µm, indicating poor air quality in areas like Rayfield and Dilimi. PM2.5 and PM10 levels exceeded WHO and FMEnv standards, posing significant health risks such as respiratory and cardiovascular illnesses, environmental, social, tourism, and economic challenges. Industrial activities, including mining, metal fabrication, and agro-processing, are major contributors to elevated pollutant levels in the city. In contrast, areas with minimal industrial activity, such as Hill Station Hotel, recorded TSP values of 0–75 µm, reflecting better air quality. It is recommended that agencies such as NESREA should strengthen regulatory enforcement to limit industrial emissions. Other recommendations included the adoption of cleaner production technologies, effective urban planning interventions, and sustained public education.