Adoption Readiness and Feasibility of Electric Aircraft for Regional Mobility: A TOE–DOI Model Study in the Philippine Aviation Sector

The global push for aviation decarbonization has elevated electric aircraft (EA) as a promising solution for short-haul and regional routes. However, adoption readiness in emerging markets, particularly the Philippines, remains insufficiently examined. This study assesses the feasibility of integrating EA into the Philippine regional aviation landscape through an integrated Technology Organization Environment (TOE) framework and Diffusion of Innovations (DOI) theory. A mixed-methods multi-case approach was employed, combining survey responses (n = 150) with qualitative insights from interviews with airline operators, regulators, and industry experts. Findings reveal strong organizational readiness (M = 4.02) and moderate confidence in technological maturity (M = 3.75), contrasted by limited infrastructure and regulatory preparedness (M = 3.52). DOI analysis highlights high perceived relative advantage (M = 4.20) and operational compatibility (M = 4.05), yet adoption is tempered by concerns over system complexity (M = 3.35) and limited trialability (M = 3.60). Lifecycle cost analysis suggests that electric aircraft offer approximately 20% lower total ownership costs and up to 50% lower emissions compared to conventional turboprops, despite higher acquisition and infrastructure requirements. This research advances theoretical understanding by applying the TOE-DOI integration to an underexplored domain, offering a strategic decision-support framework for managing adoption risks and infrastructure planning. It underscores the urgency of pilot demonstration programs and policy roadmaps to accelerate EA integration in developing aviation markets. Future studies should track longitudinal adoption trajectories as enabling technologies and regulatory ecosystems evolve.