Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that interfere with children's academic, social, and emotional functioning. This study aims to comprehensively review the definition, epidemiology, risk factors, diagnosis, and management of ADHD based on literature studies and clinical observations at M. Natsir Solok Regional General Hospital. A qualitative descriptive approach was used with literature review and guided observation methods. The results showed that ADHD has multifactorial risk factors, including prenatal (alcohol exposure, smoking), perinatal (birth complications), and postnatal (brain injury) exposure. Diagnosis was confirmed using DSM-5 and PPDGJ-III criteria with the help of instruments such as SNAP-IV and ASRS. An effective ADHD management strategy is a multimodal approach, namely a combination of pharmacological (methylphenidate, dextroamphetamine) and non-pharmacological (behavior modification at home and school) therapies. Family and school-based interventions, including parent education and teacher training, have been shown to positively improve children's adaptive functioning and behavior. Barriers to pharmacological therapy were also identified, particularly parental resistance to medication side effects. In conclusion, ADHD management requires ongoing cross-sector collaboration and a contextual approach that is culturally appropriate to improve children's overall quality of life.