FLUOROQUINOLONE: A NEW FRONTIER INANTIBACTERIAL DRUG DEVELOPMENT

Fluoroquinolones (FQs) have emerged as a crucial class of synthetic antibacterial agents with broad-spectrum activity and versatile clinical applications. This review aims to explore their historical evolution, structural modifications, mechanism of action, clinical utility, and recent advancements in the context of rising antimicrobial resistance. A comprehensive literature survey was conducted using scientific databases including PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar. Studies on fluoroquinolone pharmacodynamics, structure–activity relationships (SAR), resistance mechanisms, and novel derivatives were critically analysed. FQs exert bactericidal effects by targeting bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, disrupting DNA replication and transcription. Successive generations of FQs show improved activity, pharmacokinetics, and reduced toxicity. Structural modifications at specific positions (C-6, C7, and C-8) have led to enhanced potency and spectrum. Despite their success, resistance via mutations and efflux mechanisms poses significant challenges. Recent innovations such as delafloxacin and finafloxacin, and nanocarrier-based delivery systems, offer new avenues for overcoming these limitations. Fluoroquinolones continue to be vital in the antibacterial arsenal, especially against drug-resistant infections. Their rational development, guided by SAR and molecular modelling, holds promise for future therapies. However, preserving their efficacy necessitates judicious clinical use and ongoing research into safer, more effective derivatives.