Evaluating India’s Food Security Framework: Achievements, Gaps, and the Way Forward

India’s food security framework, anchored by the “National Food Security Act (NFSA)” of 2013 and the “Public Distribution System (PDS),” aims to ensure affordable and accessible food for its 1.4 billion population. This article evaluates the achievements, gaps, and future pathways of this framework. Significant progress includes increased food grain production, reaching 330.5 million tonnes in 2023-24, and expanded PDS coverage to 800 million beneficiaries. Technological interventions like Aadhaar seeding and biometric authentication have reduced leakages, improving delivery efficiency. However, challenges persist, including persistent malnutrition (14% undernourishment rate, FAO 2020), inefficiencies in procurement and storage, and climate-induced disruptions. Regional disparities and exclusion errors in beneficiary identification further undermine equitable access. The literature highlights the need for sustainable agricultural practices, diversified diets, and robust policy reforms. This study synthesizes 20 peer-reviewed sources to assess these dimensions, proposing a multi-pronged approach to bridge gaps. Recommendations include promoting climate-smart agriculture, revitalizing PDS through digital dashboards, and integrating nutrition-focused programs. By addressing these issues, India can strengthen its food security framework, aligning with Sustainable Development Goal 2 (Zero Hunger) and ensuring resilience against future challenges. This article underscores the urgency of adaptive strategies to sustain India’s progress toward food and nutritional security.