Review on Nanomaterial-Based Photocatalysis: Mechanisms, Materials, and Environmental Application

Photocatalysis has emerged as a highly promising strategy for addressing the growing challenges of environmental pollution and sustainable energy production. This review paper provides an in-depth analysis of nanomaterial-based photocatalysts, focusing on their synthesis, structural features, photocatalytic mechanisms, and environmental applications. Drawing from the source chapter “Photocatalysis: Activity of Nanomaterials” and additional scholarly research, we evaluate how advanced nanomaterials such as TiO₂, ZnO, g-C₃N₄, and bismuth-based composites have significantly enhanced photocatalytic performance under both UV and visible light. Furthermore, we discuss the importance of doping, heterojunction formation, and the role of plasmonic nanoparticles in improving light absorption and charge separation. The review also addresses practical applications in water purification, air treatment, and hydrogen generation, concluding with a critical outlook on current challenges and future research opportunities to enable large-scale, real-world implementation.