Integrating Artificial Intelligence into Vocational Education: A Technical Application Framework Based on the 3E Model

Driven by machine learning, computer vision and immersive technologies, the application of AI in vocational education has moved from theoretical exploration to systematic implementation. This paper proposes a 3E model - a technology framework encompassing education (AI curriculum design), experience (virtual reality training ecosystem) and employment (industry-academia-research collaboration) - to address the skills gap in smart manufacturing and digital industries. Through an empirical case study involving 10 vocational schools and 15 industry partners, we demonstrate how AI tools can improve pedagogical efficiency, skills acquisition and employability. The framework also addresses technical challenges, such as rapid obsolescence and human resistance, and provides actionable insights for educators and policymakers to optimise AI-powered vocational systems.