Tourism Sustainability through Multi-Objective Optimization: Case Studies of Juneau and Venice

In recent years, Juneau has faced the problem of overtourism, receiving 1.6 million cruise ship tourists in 2023, with revenue of $375 million, but putting pressure on local infrastructure, environment and social life. To solve this problem, we constructed a multi-objective optimization model to achieve sustainable development by controlling the number of tourists, adjusting taxes and environmental protection measures. The model takes the number of tourists and the tax ratio as decision variables, considers constraints such as infrastructure pressure, environmental impact and social satisfaction, and aims to maximize tourism revenue and social satisfaction while minimizing infrastructure pressure and environmental impact. The Hippo optimization algorithm is used to solve the problem, and the results show that limiting the flow of 9701 people per day and raising the tax rate to 17.9% can achieve the expected effect. In addition, we applied the improved model to Venice and added a housing price constraint. The optimization results show that limiting the flow of 54,100 people per day and raising the tax rate to 7.9% can effectively reduce infrastructure losses, improve environmental quality and residents' satisfaction, and control housing prices.