Exploring the applications of gastric organoids in disease modeling and personalized medicine

Organoid systems are capable of forming three-dimensional self-organizing structures that closely recapitulate the cellular composition and physiological functions of native gastric tissue. Since their introduction, gastric organoid technology has rapidly advanced and become a powerful tool for studying gastric development, disease mechanisms, and therapeutic responses. This review summarizes key developments in the field, with a focus on five major areas of application: gastric developmental biology, modeling of <italic>Helicobacter pylori</italic> infection, research on gastric cancer and drug resistance, assessment of personalized therapy, and regenerative medicine. Distinct from previous reviews, this article systematically traces the evolution of gastric organoid technology and provides an in-depth analysis of current limitations in microenvironment reconstruction, standardized culture, immune co-culture modeling, and clinical translation. In addition, it discusses emerging strategies and integrated technologies aimed at overcoming these challenges, offering perspectives to advance organoid systems from basic research toward clinical application.