Integration of artificial intelligence in reverse logistics process: enhancing decision-making across planning, execution, and control stages

This study explores the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into the Reverse Logistics Process (RLP) to enhance decision-making, operational efficiency, and resource recovery. Through a systematic literature review, the applications of AI across critical RLP stages (planning, execution and control) are identified. Key findings highlight the transformative role of AI in optimizing network design, improving product collection and inspection, and supporting decision-making for the disposition of recovered items. AI technologies and functionalities such as machine learning, predictive analytics, and decision-support systems demonstrate significant potential for automating complex processes, reducing operational costs, and improving logistical precision. However, barriers to AI adoption in the RLP include high implementation costs, organisational resistance, lack of specialist personnel, and limited technological infrastructure. The review also identifies enablers such as advancements in the Internet of Things, blockchain, and big data analytics, which facilitate AI adoption and integration in RLP. The study concludes that AI is essential for establishing resilient and adaptive RL systems and offers substantial opportunities to address uncertainty while improving efficiency and decision-making. Future research should focus on overcoming adoption barriers, advancing predictive models, and integrating AI with other Industry 4.0 technologies to enhance RLP outcomes. This review fills a significant gap in the literature by offering a structured analytical framework that categorises AI applications based on decision types and RLP stages, providing an integrated perspective not previously addressed in the field.