Glass–water interactions: From surface into the bulk

Abstract This article provides a comprehensive review of the intricate interactions between water and glass, which significantly alter not only the chemical properties of glass surface but also its mechanical properties. These interactions impact adhesion, contact mechanics, and corrosion—key factors for industrial and technological applications. Encompassing studies from various advanced characterization techniques and computational simulations, the review delves into mechanisms such as physisorption and chemisorption, the molecular behavior of water at glass interfaces, and the effects of water ingress on glass network structure. By identifying critical knowledge gaps and unresolved questions, this work highlights future research needs. The findings have implications on glass durability and performance in industrial applications, from nuclear waste containment to consumer electronics, offering pathways to engineer glass materials with enhanced resistance to environmental degradation.