Don’t Panic! Photon-Electron-Dust Interaction Replaces Dark Energy and Acceleration for Supernovae Dimming

This paper provides concrete evidence that the expanding and accelerating Universe mathematically expressed by dark energy is a purely mathematical abstraction. The energy loss of photons interacting with crystallized electrons in the intergalactic medium combined with the effect of cosmic dust on the travelling radiation predict supernovae dimming with a perfect fit to observational data. Accordingly, there is no need for any adjustment parameters and corrections. The outcome of this research plots the quantitative distance modulus predictions against redshift and compares them to the results obtained by the Pantheon+ inquiry. In this work frame, the SN-Ia distance modulus is rigorously provided by the sum of four main contributions: the distance in a non-expanding Universe, the energy loss of the travelling photons to the recoil of the crystallized electrons, the conversion value of the distances and, last but not least, the dust extinction due to interactions between photon and dust particles in the intergalactic medium.