The Epidemiology of Gestational Metabolic Disorders and Current Evidence on Their Impact on Offspring Development

妊娠期代谢性疾病(Gestational Metabolic Disorders, GMD)可通过影响胎盘结构与功能、改变子宫–胎盘血流及营养物质转运，干扰胎儿宫内环境稳态，不仅增加孕妇发生早产、新生儿窒息、胎儿宫内窘迫、剖宫产等不良妊娠结局的风险，还可能通过“代谢记忆”效应对子代健康产生持续影响，包括生长发育异常、代谢异常及神经系统发育障碍等。本研究系统梳理了近年来国内外关于GMD流行病学特征的研究进展，并总结了其对不良妊娠结局、子代体格发育及神经发育影响的研究现状，旨在为制定科学的孕期管理策略及优化子代早期健康干预措施提供循证支持。Gestational metabolic disorders may disrupt the intrauterine homeostasis by affecting placental structure and function, altering uteroplacental blood flow, and impairing nutrient transport. These disruptions not only increase the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes, including preterm birth, neonatal asphyxia, fetal distress, and caesarean delivery, but may also exert long-term effects on offspring health through the mechanism of “metabolic memory”, leading to abnormal physical development, metabolic disorders, and neurodevelopmental impairments. This study systematically reviews recent domestic and international research progress on the epidemiological characteristics of GMD and summarizes the current state of research on its impact on adverse pregnancy outcomes, offspring physical development, and neurological development. The aim is to provide evidence-based support for the development of scientific prenatal management strategies and the optimization of early health intervention measures for offspring.