Diverging trends in the global burden of ischemic heart disease attributable to non-optimal temperatures: a historical analysis (1990–2021) and 2050 projections

Non-optimal temperature exposure exerts differential effects on the global IHD mortality burden. Moreover, disease risks linked to high non-optimal temperatures are exacerbated with anthropogenic climate change, which necessitates the formulation of targeted occupational health interventions and enhanced healthcare infrastructure, particularly in low-resource settings. Conversely, while low non-optimal temperature-related mortality risks exhibited a declining age-standardized rates, the growing absolute burden attributable to population aging and persistent energy inequities underscores the need for continued surveillance and intervention. Finally, the disproportionate effect on socioeconomically disadvantaged regions highlights the urgent need for climate-health equity initiatives.