Human resource quality, technology, welfare, and corruption: Empirical evidence in middle-income countries

This research aims to analyze the impact of human resource quality, technology, economic openness, and welfare on corruption in middle-income ASEAN countries. This research employed panel data from 7 middle-income ASEAN countries from 2012 to 2021. The results show that human resource quality and technology do not significantly impact corruption. Welfare, measured by GDP per capita, economic freedom, and economic openness, measured by trade openness (exports-imports), significantly reduce corruption in middle-income ASEAN countries. Increasing economic openness and public welfare can encourage middle-income ASEAN countries to move towards clean governance free from corruption.