Field Evaluation of Vrikshayurveda Bioformulations: Kunapajala and Panchgavya for Enhancing Soil Health and Promoting Sustainable Agriculture

The intensification of modern agriculture, characterized by an excessive reliance on synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, has led to severe soil degradation, loss of biodiversity, and declining ecosystem resilience. In response, traditional Indian agricultural knowledge systems, such as Vrikshayurveda, offer eco-friendly alternatives for sustainable crop production. Among their recommended bioformulations, Kunapajala and Panchgavya are renowned for their high microbial diversity, growth-promoting phytohormones, and natural biopesticidal properties. Despite their historical significance, systematic field evaluations of their effects on soil health remain scarce. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of Kunapajala and Panchgavya on key soil-health indicators under field conditions. Treatments included individual and combined applications of these bioformulations, compared with a control and conventional chemical practices. Soil samples were analyzed for organic carbon content, macro-nutrient availability (N, P, and K), and biological activity indicators, such as dehydrogenase and phosphatase enzyme activities. Results showed that plots treated with Kunapajala and Panchgavya—particularly when combined—exhibited significantly higher soil organic carbon, improved nutrient availability, and increased microbial enzyme activities compared to control plots and those receiving chemical treatments. These findings demonstrate the potential of Vrikshayurveda-based bioformulations to restore soil fertility, reduce dependence on chemical inputs, and support long-term agricultural sustainability. By integrating traditional ecological wisdom with contemporary field evaluations, this study underscores the relevance of ancient practices in addressing modern agricultural and environmental challenges. Further large-scale, multi-location trials and participatory research involving farmers are recommended to facilitate broader adoption of these bio-inputs and promote resilient, sustainable farming systems.