Physical therapy in gerontology: opportunities for enhancing quality of life amid population ageing

This review article examines current approaches to physical therapy in gerontological practice aimed at preserving functional independence and improving quality of life in adults aged 65 and older. Demographic trends toward an increasing proportion of older individuals present healthcare systems with new challenges, notably the prevention of non-communicable diseases, the reduction of fall risk, and the mitigation of rapid functional decline. Regular adaptive physical activity – including aerobic, resistance, balance, and yoga exercises – has been shown to significantly lower the risk of cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, and type 2 diabetes, while also enhancing cognitive function and psycho emotional well-being (SMD (Standardized Mean Difference) ≈ 0.5 for cognitive reserve; SMD ≈ –0.6 for anxiety reduction). Individualized exercise programs that combine aerobic and strength training yield statistically significant improvements in functional status, reductions in depressive symptoms, and increases in self-esteem. A dedicated section addresses non-pharmacological modalities such as therapeutic massage, physical agents (galvanic current, electrophoresis, ultrasound, magnetotherapy), respiratory and inhalation techniques, short wave diathermy, and low amplitude electrical stimulation. These interventions effectively relieve pain, improve microcirculation, reduce muscle tension, and promote tissue healing in degenerative dystrophic conditions. Significant attention is given to emerging technologies – tele physiotherapy, wearable sensors, virtual reality, biofeedback, and transcranial magnetic stimulation which facilitate remote monitoring, personalize interventions, and expand rehabilitation access for individuals with limited mobility. A multidisciplinary team approach is essential for developing comprehensive plans that address patients’ physical, cognitive, and psychosocial needs. The article concludes by emphasizing the need to integrate innovative physiotherapeutic strategies into primary care, strengthen the evidence base, and enhance professional training. Keywords: older adults, multidisciplinary rehabilitation, cognitive health, adaptive physical activity, physiotherapeutic technologies.