Numerical Simulation of Hyperelastic Sphere Water Entry Influenced by Surface Features

The process of hyperelastic spheres entering water under the influence of various surface geometric features is investigated, with a focus on hyperelastic spheres that have concave and convex grooves on their surfaces. The arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE) method is used to handle the fluid-structure interaction, considering the continuity and momentum equations of the fluid. Numerical calculations using the finite element method are employed. This incorporates a penalty function coupling algorithm and second-order accurate ALE advection techniques to address the fluid-structure coupling. The deformation, the stress distribution, and the characteristics of motion of the spheres after their entry into the water are analyzed.