The Urgency of Reformulating Electric Bicycle Regulation in Indonesia: A Comparative Analysis with the United States and the European Union in Realizing Legal Certainty and Driving Safety

The rapid development of electric bicycles has created legal uncertainty in Indonesia due to the absence of specific regulations in Law No. 22/2009 on Road Traffic and Transportation (LLAJ Law). This research aims to analyze the legal status of electric bicycles in Indonesia's legal system, compare domestic regulations with the United States and the European Union, and propose a more comprehensive regulatory reformulation. This research uses a normative legal method with a statutory approach and comparative analysis to identify regulatory gaps. The results show that Indonesia does not yet have a specific classification for electric bicycles, which leads to non-uniformity in law enforcement and uncertainty for users. In contrast, the United States and the European Union have established classifications based on motor power and maximum speed, thus providing greater legal certainty and safety. This research proposes that Indonesia adopt a similar classification system by incorporating technical standards, safety requirements, and registration procedures into the Law on Motor Vehicles. This reformulation will provide legal certainty, improve driving safety, and support sustainable transportation policies.