Effectiveness of Supervision of Transfer of Infrastructure, Facilities, and Public Utilities (PSU) Functions into Commercial Buildings in Malang City: A Socio-Legal Approach in the Perspective of Good Governance

Land conversion of Infrastructure, Facilities, and Public Utilities (PSU) into commercial buildings in Malang City is a phenomenon that is increasingly widespread and has caused various spatial problems. This research aims to analyze and evaluate the effectiveness of policies and supervision practices carried out by the Malang City Government in preventing PSU misuse. Using socio-legal methods and a qualitative approach, data was collected through in-depth interviews and document studies involving officials of the Public Works Office and housing developers. The results showed that weak law enforcement mechanisms, lack of coordination between agencies, and low awareness of developers are the main factors that trigger uncontrolled land conversion. Based on Lawrence M. Friedman's legal system theory framework, this research highlights how the interaction between legal substance, legal structure, and legal culture determine the success of PSU management. The research concludes that although regulations are in place, their implementation is still weak. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen legal supervision, increase transparency, and apply the principles of good governance and sustainability as an effort to prevent further violations and maintain Malang City's spatial layout to be more organized and equitable.