Novel molecular design breeding strategies enabled by genome resequencing in melon

It has been over a decade since the publication of the melon genome, which has significantly contributed to our understanding of gene function and enhanced interspecific communication. Furthermore, it has facilitated the application of modern breeding techniques such as genomic selection and marker-assisted selection, thereby improving both the efficiency and precision of melon breeding. Nevertheless, in light of the growing global population and unpredictable climate change, melon breeding continues to confront challenges related to increasing production and enhancing environmental resilience. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary of the nutritional and medicinal properties of melon, while also examining the evolution of quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping in melon—from traditional QTL mapping utilizing recombinant populations to advanced QTL mapping techniques developed through population resequencing following the publication of its genome. We emphasize the significance of melon genome development and the potential of genetic diversity, along with contemporary biotechnological methods, in enhancing melon breeding. In conclusion, we propose several recommendations for the future direction and strategy of melon breeding, which include the application of gene editing and artificial intelligence technologies, the expansion and exploration of germplasm resources, as well as the optimization of melon plant architecture. Our suggestions will contribute significantly to advancements in melon breeding.