Impact of vitamin D therapy on vascular consistency

The impact of vitamin D on vascular health is dualistic, with protective effects at physiological levels—such as enhanced endothelial function and reduced oxidative stress—alongside potential harmful effects at excessive doses or in disease states, such as vascular calcification and smooth muscle cell dysfunction. Targeting vitamin D receptor (VDR) signaling pathways may offer therapeutic strategies for cardiovascular diseases; however, dosage and patient-specific factors, such as chronic kidney disease and vitamin D status, should be carefully considered.