GENDER EQUALITY IN INDIAN SCIENCE: A WORK IN PROGRESS

Globally, women's contributions to science have been limited, often confined to a minority of disciplines. There are still significantly fewer women than men in scientific fields, particularly in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics). During the British Raj in India, and in the years following India's independence on 15 August 1947, women faced numerous challenges in pursuing careers in science. Opportunities for advancement were minimal, as the British had established only a few higher education institutions—most of which catered primarily to men, despite India's vast population and geographic diversity. The situation was even more difficult for women due to deep-rooted traditional and societal norms that discouraged female education, let alone participation in scientific disciplines. However, despite these historical challenges, many Indian women defied the odds. Their journey was not easy, but it was not impossible either. Today, as we celebrate 75 years of India's independence, it is also important to celebrate the remarkable contributions of those pioneering women who, during the 19th and 20th centuries, challenged orthodoxy and broke social and cultural barriers to enter the world of science. These women not only made invaluable contributions to their fields but also fought against discrimination and helped pave the way for future generations of women in science.