Effect of Liquid Smoke from the Temperature Stratification Technique as an Antipathogenic Agent

Agriculture and animal husbandry cannot be separated from pest and disease attacks, which can cause losses to farmers.Pathogenic microbes generally cause disease in plants and livestock.Synthetic chemicals can cause poisoning in other living organisms, leading to the development of microbial resistance.Liquid smoke is a renewable natural material derived from biomass pyrolysis that can be used as an antipathogenic agent.The various pyrolysis processes and lignocellulose types, including hardwood, softwood, and nonwood, produce liquid smoke with differing chemical compositions, particularly phenol, due to their distinct lignin compositions.This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of liquid smoke phenols derived from the temperature stratification technique (200 and 400) and three raw materials of forest-industrial waste against pathogenic microbes: Xanthomonas oryzae, Staphylococcus aureus, Fusarium oxysporum, and Bean Common Mosaic Virus (BCMV).The liquid smoke used for antimicrobial analysis was obtained from Tectona grandis, Pinus merkusii, and Andong bamboo (Gigantochloa pseudoarundinaceae (Steudel) Widjaja).The liquid smoke concentrations used for the antimicrobial analysis were 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 30%, and for the plant antiviral, it was 1%.The results showed that pine liquid smoke at 400C and 30% concentration had a higher inhibitory effect on X. oryzae.The teak liquid smoke (400C, 30%) had a higher inhibitory diameter for S. aureus.Bamboo liquid smoke (400C, 30%) had a higher inhibitory diameter for F. oxysporum than the other treatments.Teak liquid smoke (400C, 1%) had a more substantial inhibitory effect on BCMV in Chenopodium amaranticolor.