Human-AI Interaction in Romanian Schools: Explorations of Algorithmic Empathy and Digital Co-Creation

This article explores the ongoing interaction between human intelligence and artificial intelligence (AI), with a particular focus on the concept of algorithmic empathy – a type of simulated affective response with tangible educational value – and on the dynamics of digital co-creation. Drawing on interdisciplinary perspectives and qualitative data collected through semi-structured interviews with 57 teachers and 542 students from Romania, the study explores how AI systems can support learning, foster innovation, and adapt to users’ cognitive and emotional needs thematically analysed to provide in-depth insights. The analysis identifies key factors that shape effective human-AI communication, such as digital literacy, trust, personalization, and ethical awareness. While AI is perceived as a valuable tool for enhancing educational processes and decision-making, challenges related to transparency, over-reliance, and reduced human connection are also highlighted. The findings show that meaningful human-AI collaboration requires not only technological refinement but also a critical and ethical rethinking of the roles both actors play in a shared digital ecosystem. The study underscores the importance of algorithmic empathy and conversational digital literacy in sustaining user motivation, while warning against dependency and the erosion of critical inquiry. In educational settings, AI is best positioned as a complement to, not a substitute for, the human educator. These insights reinforce the need for human-centred, ethically grounded AI integration strategies, especially in environments where learning, equity, and emotional support intersect.