A Numerically Stable Polygon-Based Parameter-Topology Hybrid Optimization for Efficient Antenna Design

A polygon-based parameter-topology hybrid optimization (PBPTHO) method is proposed for efficient antenna design. In this method, a polygon representation technique is employed, wherein topological variables are defined as the pseudo-density of the polygons. Since polygons are not directly involved in electromagnetic (EM) simulations, the method decouples topological variables from EM simulation meshes, enabling simultaneous topology and parameter optimization. Furthermore, the polygon representation technique effectively eliminates numerically unstable phenomena such as checkerboard patterns and one-node connections. Compared to existing methods, the PBPTHO method not only ensures smooth structural boundaries but also demonstrates enhanced optimization performance.