Performance Analysis of Multi-Absorber MAGeI₃/CsSnI₃ Solar Device using SCAPS

This study presents the design and simulation of a high-efficiency, lead-free perovskite solar cell (PSC) using the SCAPS-1D simulator. A complementary absorber configuration based on CsSnI<inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf> and MAGeI<inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf> is employed to leverage the superior optical absorption of CsSnI<inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf> and the enhanced stability of MAGeI<inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf>. The device architecture incorporates Cu<inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf>O as the hole transport layer (HTL), TiO<inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> as the electron transport layer (ETL), and WS<inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> to improve charge transport and suppress recombination. An ITO layer beneath TiO<inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> further enhances electrical conductivity and light absorption. Simulation results reveal improved charge carrier extraction, reduced recombination losses, and enhanced operational stability, leading to a high power conversion efficiency. These findings highlight the potential of material engineering in developing efficient and stable lead-free PSCs for next-generation photovoltaic applications.