Household Food Distribution Practices, Food Insecurity, and Socioeconomic Status among Marachi Smallholder Farmers in Butula Sub-County

Food security is a fundamental human right; however, millions globally endure food insecurity due to climate change, geopolitical conflicts, and economic limitations. In Kenya, smallholder farmers in Marachi, Butula Sub-County, experience food shortages despite practicing subsistence farming, primarily attributable to inadequate food distribution systems and socioeconomic constraints. This study sought to determine the mediating effect of socioeconomic status in the relationship between household food distribution practices and food insecurity among smallholder farmers in Marachi from Butula Sub- County, Busia County. This study employed mixed methods design. The study focused on 18,280 smallholder farm households across six divisions and incorporated important informants, including community leaders and agricultural officers, to offer varied insights. A sample of 408 respondents was obtained by proportionate stratified random sampling for farmers, and purposive and convenience sampling for important stakeholders. Questionnaires, focus group discussions, and interviews were used to collect data. Quantitative data from 394 respondents were analyzed with Statistical Package for Social Sciences, utilizing descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and regression analysis, while Hayes’ Process Model 4 evaluated the mediating effect of socioeconomic position on food insecurity. Study results showed a strong positive connection between food distribution practices and socioeconomic level (r = 0.967, p = 0.000), as well as between food distribution and food insecurity (r = 0.979, p = 0.000). Moreover, mediation analysis indicates that socioeconomic status significantly influenced the relationship between household food distribution practices and food insecurity; nevertheless, its effect was lower than the direct effect of food distribution practice on food security. Consequently, this study concluded that the socioeconomic status mediated the relationship between food distribution practices and food insecurity. To improve food security, authorities must prioritize economic empowerment, market accessibility, and equitable food distribution measures for smallholder farmers.