Premature birth and prematurity in the development of neurological disorders in children

The problem of miscarriage is relevant from the point of view of perinatal and neonatal morbidity and mortality, as well as the growing costs to the country’s economy. According to the World Health Organization, about 15 million children are born prematurely every year, and over the past decades this figure has tended to increase in all countries. The review provides a systematic analysis of modern domestic and foreign literature devoted to the study of the consequences of premature birth in premature infants. At the time of writing, September 2024, the following information databases were used in the study: eLibrary.ru, Scopus, PubMed, MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, Cochrane. The sources of the last 10 years have been analyzed. The search was performed by keywords: “prematurity”, “cerebral palsy”, “autism spectrum disorders”, “Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder”, “neonatal seizures”, “mental retardation”. The issues of prevalence, existing classifications, the influence of risk factors on the mother and fetus in the occurrence of premature birth, premature babies in the development of neurological disorders were considered. It has been statistically confirmed that the probability of negative outcomes and mortality significantly decrease with an increase in gestational age and birth weight. The longer the child was in the womb and the greater its birth weight – the higher the chances of a favorable outcome. Carrying out the prevention of miscarriage, including lifestyle modification in high-risk groups, will increase the duration of pregnancy, the weight of the fetus at birth, and reduce the frequency of premature birth and the number of premature babies, improving perinatal outcomes.