Optical and morphological investigation of Y₂O₃:Tb³⁺ (1 mol%) and Bi³⁺ co-doped Y₂O₃:Tb³⁺ (1 mol%) nanoparticles

Y₂O₃:Tb³⁺ (1 mol%) and Bi³⁺ co-doped Y₂O₃:Tb³⁺ nanophosphors were synthesized via combustion method at 1000 °C. The synthesized samples were characterized using a number of techniques, including XRD, SEM, EDX, Elemental mapping, PL, and XPS. XRD and SEM for structural and morphological characterization, which verified phase purity and homogeneous morphology. According to photo-luminescence research, the 4f⁶ 5d¹ → 4f⁷ transition of Tb³⁺ is responsible for the broad excitation at 324 nm and the noticeable blue emission at 465 nm. Bi³⁺ and ions were successfully incorporated into the Y₂O₃ lattice, as confirmed by XPS, both of which maintained their trivalent oxidation states with little discernible distortion. These results demonstrate effective co-doping and imply improved luminescence through energy transfer processes with very small concentrations of rare-earth element.