Review on Nanomaterial-Based Photocatalysis for Environmental Applications

Photocatalysis has become a viable strategy for combating the increasing levels of environmental contamination, particularly in the purification of water and air. This assessment assesses recent developments critically. in nanomaterial-based photocatalysts, focusing on their structural modifications, synthesis techniques, and performance enhancements. Drawing insights from Tatarchuk et al. and integrating recent literature, we examine metal oxides, doped semiconductors, carbon-based composites, and plasmonic nanostructures. Emphasis is placed on charge carrier dynamics, surface modification, and light absorption. Mechanistic studies, kinetic models, and environmental applications are discussed in depth, offering a holistic view of the photocatalytic potential of nanomaterials. Challenges such as recombination losses, limited visible-light activity, and scale-up limitations are outlined alongside future strategies for practical deployment. This synthesis aims to provide a comprehensive foundation for researchers advancing photocatalysis toward scalable and sustainable environmental technologies.