Evaluation of secondary metabolite profiles in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes from the Western Himalayan Kashmir

AbstractCommon bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is a critical staple crop, providing essential nutrients such as proteins, vitamins, minerals, and secondary metabolites. Due to its high protein content (21-25%) and antioxidant properties, especially in beans with pigmented coats, common beans are vital in addressing nutritional deficiencies, particularly in low-income regions. However, deficiencies in these bioactive compounds can lead to metabolic and physiological issues in both humans and plants. This study aimed to enhance the nutritional and nutraceutical quality of common bean germplasm through association mapping, focusing on secondary metabolites and key nutritional traits. A diverse collection of 150 common bean genotypes from the North-Western Himalayas was genotyped using 100 polymorphic SSR markers. The association mapping identified seven SSR markers linked to antioxidants and phytic acid content, explaining 12-34% of the phenotypic variation. These markers were mapped to chromosomes 2, 4, 7 (antioxidants) and 3, 5, 6, 7 (phytic acid). The biochemical analysis showed significant variation among genotypes for traits like protein content (3.27-24.51%), antioxidants (24.19-49.88 µg/g), total phenols (0.30-8.43 mg/g), and flavonoids (2.46-16.98 mg/g). Additionally, significant correlations were found between certain biochemical traits, such as positive associations between lysine and methionine and negative correlations between phytate and antioxidants. Population structure analysis revealed three distinct subpopulations in the germplasm. The study highlights the potential of molecular breeding to improve the nutritional and nutraceutical quality of common beans, providing valuable genetic resources for crop improvement in developing regions.