Biosensor-Based Approaches and its applications for Neurological Disorder Diagnosis via Dopamine Monitoring

Dopamine, a critical neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, plays a vital part in regulating motor function, cognition, and emotional responses. Abnormal dopamine situations are nearly associated with colorful neurological diseases, including Parkinson’s complaint, schizophrenia, and depression. Accurate and real- time monitoring of dopamine can considerably enhance early opinion, complaint progression shadowing, and treatment efficacity evaluation. In recent times, biosensor- grounded approaches have surfaced as important tools for dopamine discovery due to their high perceptivity, particularity, rapid-fire response, and implicit for miniaturization and integration into movable individual bias. This review highlights recent advancements in electrochemical, optic, and nanomaterial- enhanced biosensors for dopamine monitoring. It also discusses current challenges similar as selectivity in complex natural matrices, detector stability, and clinical restatement, while proposing unborn directions for the development of coming- generation biosensors aimed at perfecting the early opinion and operation of neurological diseases.