Phytochemical investigation and in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of Trachyspermum leaves

The present study aims to investigate the phytochemical constituents and evaluate the in-vitro anti-inflammatory activity of Trachyspermum leaves using various solvent extracts. The study employed Soxhlet extraction using hexane (TSE1) and a hydroethanolic mixture (Ethanol: Water, 90:10) (TSE2) to obtain crude extracts from dried and powdered leaves. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed that both extracts contain diverse bioactive constituents, with the hydroethanolic extract (TSE2) showing a stronger presence of flavonoids, phenolics, alkaloids, tannins, and saponins than the hexane extract. Quantitative analysis confirmed that TSE2 had higher total phenolic content and flavonoid content, indicating a rich profile of polar phytoconstituents. Advanced characterization techniques, including UV-Visible spectroscopy, FTIR, and NMR, confirmed the presence of functional groups such as -OH,-COOH, C=O, and aromatic rings, suggesting the presence of polyphenolic and glycosidic structures. Chromatographic fingerprinting using TLC, HPLC, and GC-MS identified multiple bioactive compounds. Biological assays were conducted to assess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.